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What are the levels of audio signal?

There are three main audio signal levels: mic level (millivolts), line level (around 1 volt) and speaker level (around 10 volts or more).

In the world of audio, understanding different signal levels and how they operate is crucial for high-quality sound production. Audio signals fall into four major categories: microphone (mic) level, instrument level, line level, and speaker level.

Mic-Level Signal

The mic-level signal is the weakest of all types of audio signals. It comes from a microphone and it’s generally too weak to be directly processed by professional audio equipment. Before it can be used, it usually needs to be boosted by a pre-amplifier to reach line level[2].

Instrument-Level Signal

Instrument level signals are generated by electronic musical instruments, such as electric guitars and basses. These signals are stronger than mic-level signals but weaker than line level signals. They also require an amplifier or a preamplifier to boost them to line level. Notably, each instrument has unique dynamics that influence the signal’s character and strength.

Line-Level Signal

A line-level signal is the standard signal strength level used by audio processing equipment. After mic-level or instrument-level signals get amplified to line level, they are ready for further processing or reproduction through speakers. Line level is actually the loudest signal encountered in audio and comes in at approximately 1 volt, or 0 dBV [1]. It carries the signal from the pre-amp to the speaker amp [2].

Speaker-Level Signal

The last step in the audio signal chain is the speaker level signal. After processing, the line-level signal passes through the power amplifier, which increases its power to drive the loudspeakers. This is the speaker-level signal – the highest power level signal in an audio system. It’s worth mentioning, that the quality of sound and volume control is managed at this level.

In conclusion, understanding these differing levels of audio signals is the first step to mastering the science and art of audio production. While each plays a crucial role, they function together in harmony to deliver the ultimate goal – high-quality sound.